Defensive Realism is the notion that
anarchy in the international political system compels states to adopt moderate
policies in order to attain security. This stems from Kenneth Waltz’s concept
of Offensive Realism assumes that states would prefer to maximise power and
make themselves the hegemon of the system in order to attain security.
Stephan Van Evera author of the ‘The Cult
of the Offensive’ analyses the implications of offense being stronger than
defence. He points out five outcomes of the scenario which are:
1)
Aggressive foreign policies,
2)
Advantage of mobilisation and
striking first is thought to be greater,
3)
Increase in vulnerability
leading to preventive wars,
4)
States employ various tactics
as part of their diplomacy,
5)
Greater political and military
secrecy
Analysing Pakistan and India in the given
context, the two have had two major wars since partition while a perpetual war
in Kashmir continues to date. Both the countries are apprehensive of the
other especially when it comes to hared power and nuclear technology. Both are
interested in gaining more power. From the perspective of defensive realism
both the countries are on a look out for more allies. Traditionally, Pakistan
has allied with the United States primarily because of the benefits it received
in return. India, on the other hand has
been affiliated with Russia for similar reason. However, recently India and the
United States increased bilateral trade. And as a response Pakistan signed an
energy deal with Russia, this along with the previous defence agreements have
led to increased cooperation between the two. In this manner these two enemies are
strengthening their defence which will hopefully prevent any possible war.
Do you really think that US would side with India and Russia with Pakistan if a war breaks out? I think otherwise. Countries despite their mutual interests would not take responsibility for unpleasant situations in their partner countries and would refrain from indulging in war. Therefore, i believe that every country has to help themselves no matter how much their allies promise them to abet them.
ReplyDeleteYou meant Kenneth Waltz's theory of "structural" realism (offensive realism was Mearsheimer's theory). In terms of your discussion on India-Pakistan, it's interesting that you think that both states are increasing their defensive capabilities through new alliances and various trade agreements. Is this what India and Pakistan are really trying to do? Do they recognize that offensive war would be catastrophic for both states? I don't know the answer to these questions, but they are worth thinking about.
ReplyDeleteAnd I agree with Laila. Remember, in international politics there are no friends, only interests.